Faharasa ya Kisheria
Maneno ya kawaida ya kisheria ya Kihispania yameelezwa kwa Kiingereza rahisi. Tumia kamusi hii kuelewa hati za kisheria, taratibu za mahakama, na haki zako nchini Uhispania.
A
Abogado/a
A licensed lawyer (attorney) admitted to practice law in Spain. Must be registered with a Colegio de Abogados.
Arraigo
A type of residency permit in Spain granted based on social, family, or work ties to the country. Common pathway for undocumented residents to regularize their status.
Autónomo
A self-employed worker or freelancer registered with the Spanish tax authority (Hacienda) and Social Security. Subject to specific tax and contribution obligations.
L
Ley Beckham
Special tax regime (Royal Decree 687/2005) allowing qualifying new residents in Spain to pay a flat 24% income tax rate instead of progressive rates for up to 6 years.
C
Cláusula suelo
A floor clause in a mortgage contract that sets a minimum interest rate, even when the reference rate (usually Euribor) drops below it. Many were declared abusive by Spanish courts.
Colegio de Abogados
A bar association in Spain. Lawyers must be registered (colegiado) with one to practice. Each province has its own Colegio (e.g., ICAB in Barcelona, ICAM in Madrid).
Comunidad de propietarios
A homeowners' association in Spain, legally required for buildings with multiple owners. Manages common areas, budgets, and building decisions.
N
Número de colegiado
The unique registration number assigned to a lawyer by their bar association. Used to verify a lawyer's identity and professional standing.
NIE
Número de Identidad de Extranjero — the foreigner identification number required for almost all legal, financial, and administrative procedures in Spain.
Notario
A public notary in Spain — a legal professional who authenticates documents, witnesses signatures, and ensures transactions comply with the law. Not the same as a notary public in common-law countries.
D
Demanda
A formal lawsuit or legal complaint filed before a court. Initiates civil or administrative proceedings against another party.
Desahucio
Eviction proceedings in Spain. The legal process by which a landlord can remove a tenant for non-payment of rent or expiration of the lease.
Despido improcedente
Unfair dismissal. When a court determines an employer terminated an employee without sufficient legal grounds. The employer must pay compensation or reinstate the worker.
E
Escritura pública
A public deed or notarial document. Required for property transfers, company formation, and other major legal acts in Spain. Executed before a notario.
H
Hacienda
The Spanish Tax Agency (Agencia Tributaria). Responsible for tax collection, audits, and enforcement of tax obligations for individuals and businesses.
Herencia
Inheritance. The legal transfer of assets, rights, and obligations from a deceased person to their heirs, governed by Spanish succession law or the applicable regional law.
I
Indemnización
Compensation or damages awarded in a legal dispute. In labor law, refers specifically to severance pay owed upon dismissal.
IRPF
Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas — Spanish personal income tax. Progressive tax applied to income earned by individuals residing in Spain.
IVA
Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido — Value Added Tax in Spain. Standard rate is 21%, with reduced rates of 10% and 4% for certain goods and services.
J
Juzgado
A court of first instance in Spain. Different types handle civil, criminal, social (labor), and administrative matters.
P
Poder notarial
A notarial power of attorney. A document executed before a notario that authorizes another person to act on your behalf in legal or financial matters.
Procurador
A court representative who handles procedural filings and communications between the lawyer and the court. Required in many Spanish court proceedings.
R
Registro de la Propiedad
The Land Registry in Spain. A public office where all property ownership, mortgages, and encumbrances are recorded. Essential for property transactions.
Residencia
Residency permit or card (TIE — Tarjeta de Identidad de Extranjero) that authorizes a foreigner to live in Spain legally. Various types exist based on work, family, or investment.
S
T
Testamento
A will or testament. A legal document specifying how a person's assets should be distributed after death. Spanish law imposes "legítima" — mandatory shares for certain heirs.