--- title: "Glosario jurídico" description: "Un glosario completo de términos jurídicos en español explicados en un lenguaje sencillo. Descubre el vocabulario jurídico más habitual que se utiliza en los tribunales, los contratos y los procedimientos en España." source: https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary locale: es terms: 26 --- # Glosario jurídico Términos jurídicos comunes en español explicados en un lenguaje sencillo. Utiliza este glosario para comprender los documentos jurídicos, los procedimientos judiciales y tus derechos en España. ## Abogado/a A licensed lawyer (attorney) admitted to practice law in Spain. Must be registered with a Colegio de Abogados. *Área relacionada: Civil, Penal* *Véase también: [Colegio de Abogados](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#colegio-de-abogados), [Procurador](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#procurador)* ## Arraigo A type of residency permit in Spain granted based on social, family, or work ties to the country. Common pathway for undocumented residents to regularize their status. *Área relacionada: Extranjería e Inmigración* *Véase también: [NIE](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#nie), [Residencia](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#residencia)* ## Autónomo A self-employed worker or freelancer registered with the Spanish tax authority (Hacienda) and Social Security. Subject to specific tax and contribution obligations. *Área relacionada: Mercantil y Empresas, Fiscal* *Véase también: [Hacienda](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#hacienda), [Seguridad Social](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#seguridad-social)* ## Cláusula suelo A floor clause in a mortgage contract that sets a minimum interest rate, even when the reference rate (usually Euribor) drops below it. Many were declared abusive by Spanish courts. *Área relacionada: Bancario, Consumo* ## Colegio de Abogados A bar association in Spain. Lawyers must be registered (colegiado) with one to practice. Each province has its own Colegio (e.g., ICAB in Barcelona, ICAM in Madrid). *Área relacionada: Civil* *Véase también: [Abogado/a](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#abogado), [Número de colegiado](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#colegiado-number)* ## Comunidad de propietarios A homeowners' association in Spain, legally required for buildings with multiple owners. Manages common areas, budgets, and building decisions. *Área relacionada: Inmobiliario* ## Demanda A formal lawsuit or legal complaint filed before a court. Initiates civil or administrative proceedings against another party. *Área relacionada: Civil, Laboral* *Véase también: [Juzgado](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#juzgado)* ## Desahucio Eviction proceedings in Spain. The legal process by which a landlord can remove a tenant for non-payment of rent or expiration of the lease. *Área relacionada: Inmobiliario* *Véase también: [arrendamiento](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#arrendamiento)* ## Despido improcedente Unfair dismissal. When a court determines an employer terminated an employee without sufficient legal grounds. The employer must pay compensation or reinstate the worker. *Área relacionada: Laboral* *Véase también: [Indemnización](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#indemnizacion)* ## Escritura pública A public deed or notarial document. Required for property transfers, company formation, and other major legal acts in Spain. Executed before a notario. *Área relacionada: Inmobiliario, Mercantil y Empresas* *Véase también: [Notario](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#notario), [Registro de la Propiedad](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#registro-propiedad)* ## Hacienda The Spanish Tax Agency (Agencia Tributaria). Responsible for tax collection, audits, and enforcement of tax obligations for individuals and businesses. *Área relacionada: Fiscal* *Véase también: [IRPF](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#irpf), [IVA](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#iva)* ## Herencia Inheritance. The legal transfer of assets, rights, and obligations from a deceased person to their heirs, governed by Spanish succession law or the applicable regional law. *Área relacionada: Civil, Familia* *Véase también: [Testamento](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#testamento)* ## Indemnización Compensation or damages awarded in a legal dispute. In labor law, refers specifically to severance pay owed upon dismissal. *Área relacionada: Laboral, Civil* *Véase también: [Despido improcedente](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#despido-improcedente)* ## IRPF Impuesto sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas — Spanish personal income tax. Progressive tax applied to income earned by individuals residing in Spain. *Área relacionada: Fiscal* *Véase también: [Hacienda](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#hacienda), [Ley Beckham](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#beckham-law)* ## IVA Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido — Value Added Tax in Spain. Standard rate is 21%, with reduced rates of 10% and 4% for certain goods and services. *Área relacionada: Fiscal, Consumo* *Véase también: [Hacienda](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#hacienda)* ## Juzgado A court of first instance in Spain. Different types handle civil, criminal, social (labor), and administrative matters. *Área relacionada: Civil, Penal* *Véase también: [Demanda](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#demanda)* ## Ley Beckham Special tax regime (Royal Decree 687/2005) allowing qualifying new residents in Spain to pay a flat 24% income tax rate instead of progressive rates for up to 6 years. *Área relacionada: Fiscal, Extranjería e Inmigración* ## NIE Número de Identidad de Extranjero — the foreigner identification number required for almost all legal, financial, and administrative procedures in Spain. *Área relacionada: Extranjería e Inmigración, Administrativo* *Véase también: [Residencia](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#residencia), [Arraigo](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#arraigo)* ## Notario A public notary in Spain — a legal professional who authenticates documents, witnesses signatures, and ensures transactions comply with the law. Not the same as a notary public in common-law countries. *Área relacionada: Inmobiliario, Mercantil y Empresas* *Véase también: [Escritura pública](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#escritura)* ## Número de colegiado The unique registration number assigned to a lawyer by their bar association. Used to verify a lawyer's identity and professional standing. *Área relacionada: Civil* *Véase también: [Colegio de Abogados](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#colegio-de-abogados)* ## Poder notarial A notarial power of attorney. A document executed before a notario that authorizes another person to act on your behalf in legal or financial matters. *Área relacionada: Civil, Mercantil y Empresas* *Véase también: [Notario](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#notario)* ## Procurador A court representative who handles procedural filings and communications between the lawyer and the court. Required in many Spanish court proceedings. *Área relacionada: Civil, Penal* *Véase también: [Abogado/a](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#abogado), [Juzgado](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#juzgado)* ## Registro de la Propiedad The Land Registry in Spain. A public office where all property ownership, mortgages, and encumbrances are recorded. Essential for property transactions. *Área relacionada: Inmobiliario* *Véase también: [Escritura pública](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#escritura), [Notario](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#notario)* ## Residencia Residency permit or card (TIE — Tarjeta de Identidad de Extranjero) that authorizes a foreigner to live in Spain legally. Various types exist based on work, family, or investment. *Área relacionada: Extranjería e Inmigración* *Véase también: [NIE](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#nie), [Arraigo](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#arraigo)* ## Seguridad Social The Spanish Social Security system. Provides healthcare, pensions, unemployment benefits, and other social protections. Both employees and employers contribute. *Área relacionada: Laboral, Fiscal* *Véase también: [Autónomo](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#autonomo)* ## Testamento A will or testament. A legal document specifying how a person's assets should be distributed after death. Spanish law imposes "legítima" — mandatory shares for certain heirs. *Área relacionada: Civil, Familia* *Véase también: [Herencia](https://staging.leyapp.es/glossary#herencia)*